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Health Education & Behavior
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Program Provider and Observer Ratings of School-Based Preventive Intervention Implementation: Agreement and Relation to Youth Outcomes

Catherine J. (Goldberg) Lillehoj, PhD

Institute for Social and Behavioral Research, Iowa State University, Ames

Kenneth W. Griffin, PhD, MPH

Institute for Prevention Research, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York

Richard Spoth, PhD

Institute for Social and Behavioral Research, Iowa State University, Ames

Few prevention studies have examined the degree to which different measures of program implementation adherence predict youth outcomes. The current study was conducted with rural middle school youth participating in a longitudinal school-based preventive intervention program. Study participants’ average age at the pretest assessment was 12.3 years. The association between program implementation ratings supplied by provider self-reports and trained independent observer reports were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between measures of implementation and youth outcomes were examined. Results indicated that although program providers tended to report higher implementation than independent observers, most ratings were correlated significantly across raters. Observer-reported implementation ratings significantly predicted several youth substance-related outcomes, while provider-reported self-ratings did not.Program provider characteristics predicted several youth outcomes. Findings suggest that there might be a social desirability bias in provider self-reported ratings of implementation and that caution must be used when interpreting self-reported ratings of implementation.

Key Words: implementation adherence • preventive intervention • youth substance use

Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 31, No. 2, 242-257 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/1090198103260514
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