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Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 31, No. 2, 165-178 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/1090198103259852
© 2004 Society for Public Health Education

How all Stars Works: An Examination of Program Effects on Mediating Variables

Ralph B. McNeal, Jr., PhD

Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut, Storrs

William B. Hansen, PhD

Tanglewood Research, Greensboro, North Carolina

Nancy Grant Harrington, PhD

Department of Communication, University of Kentucky, Lexington

Steven M. Giles, PhD

Department of Communication, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Prevention research continues to focus on school-based substance use programs aimed at adolescents. These programs are designed to reduce substance use and risk behavior by targeting key mediators, such as normative beliefs, which in turn reduce substance use. All Stars is a newly developed program that was recently evaluated in a randomized field trial in 14 middle schools in Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky. The authors examined targeted and nontargeted variables as possible mediators of program effectiveness. Findings indicate that All Stars achieved reductions in substance use and postponed sexual activity when teachers were successful at altering targeted mediators: normative beliefs, lifestyle incongruence, and manifest commitment to not use drugs. The program was not successful when it was delivered by specialists. At least in part, this failure is attributable to specialists’ inability to change mediators as intended by the program.

Key Words: adolescent substance use • prevention • All Stars


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