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Health Education & Behavior
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Factors Associated with Occupational Exposure and Compliance with Universal Precautions in an Urban School District

Susan M. Blake, PhD

Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC.sblake{at}aed.org

Richard A. Windsor, PhD

School of Education at the University of Alabama at Birmingham

David K. Lohrmann, PhD, CHES

Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC

Nadine Gay, MSW

Dade County Public Schools, Miami, FL

Rebecca Ledsky, MBA

Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC

Allison Richman, MPH

Sandra B. Jones, PhD

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, Atlanta, GA

Stephen W. Banspach, PhD

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, Atlanta, GA.

Factors associated with occupational exposure and universal precautions (UP) compliance were assessed among employees in one urban school district. Half of the employees surveyed reported responding to bleeding injuries and cleaning blood or other body fluids (e.g., vomit, urine) during the previous school year. Also, 1 in 4 custodians and 1 in 10 teachers/teacher’s aides had direct contact with blood or body fluids without protection. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, direct contact was most likely among secondary school employees in unpredictable situations who did not have protective equipment or comply with UP. UP compliance was greater among those who had protective equipment available and felt self-confident. Self-confidence was associated with having received training or protective equipment. Routine communications between administrators and employees, staff training, provision of protective equipment, and exposure incident monitoring are essential to effective implementation of UP policies in schools and work settings where occupational exposure could occur.

Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 5, 734-750 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/109019819902600512
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Home page
 Journal of Research in NursingHome page
J. Gammon and D. Gould
Universal precautions: A review of knowledge, compliance and strategies to improve practice
Journal of Research in Nursing, September 1, 2005; 10(5): 529 - 547.
[Abstract] [PDF]